The gap theory holds that the earth became without form and void after lucifer led a rebellion of angels against God and suffered defeat. This ruined condition appears in the first two-thirds of Genesis 1:2. The Hebrew words rendered without form and void are tohu and bohu. These terms denote a desolation, confusion, emptiness, wasteland, and undistinguishable ruin. Darkness covered the face of the deep, adding to the picture of chaos and misery. Because God creates only in perfection, this state could not describe the original creation but instead resulted from subsequent judgment. Isaiah 45:18 states that God formed the earth and did not create it in vain, employing the same word tohu. Jeremiah 4:23 uses identical phrasing to portray a later judgment upon sinning Judah. The expression without form and void therefore means waste and wild or formless and lifeless.