Filter by Categories
Are Things Upside Down? (Part One)
Commentary by John W. Ritenbaugh (1932-2023)The USDA has paid costly subsidies to farmers and has mandated that they grow hybridized, gene-spliced corn and wheat, which produce a high gluten content.
Pentecost, Consistency, and Honesty
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughCorn appears in the discussion primarily through Leviticus 23:14, which forbids eating bread, parched corn, or green ears from the new harvest until the wavesheaf offering has been brought before God. This restriction establishes that the Israelites could cut the grain for the offering in advance, even days before arriving in Jerusalem, but were forbidden to consume any of that harvest until after the offering itself was made. This principle becomes central to interpreting Joshua 5:10-11, where the Israelites, upon entering Canaan, kept the Passover and then ate "old corn of the land" the very next day, along with unleavened cakes and parched corn. Some groups have used this passage to argue that a wavesheaf offering must have been made that year, and that Passover therefore fell on a Saturday, requiring adjustments to the standard counting method for Pentecost. This claim rests on several unsupported assumptions: that Israel actually performed the wavesheaf ritual (though no wave offering, burnt offering, or grain offering is mentioned anywhere in Joshua); that the year's Passover fell on a Sabbath, though no one can verify the actual calendar year of the conquest; and that Leviticus 23 applied immediately upon crossing the Jordan. Careful examination shows these assumptions collapse. Exodus 23:14-16 specifies that the wavesheaf offering must come from grain "which you have sown," yet Israel could not have planted the Canaanite grain, since they were still in the wilderness during that planting season. Leviticus 22:24-25 further forbids offering anything corrupted or of foreign origin, reinforcing that heathen-grown grain could not be an acceptable offering. Most decisively, Deuteronomy 12 forbids any offerings until the Tabernacle was fully established, the people were settled in their inheritances, and warfare had ceased—conditions not met until years later, as confirmed in Joshua 21:43-45. The actual explanation of the "old corn" is tied to Passover night observances rather than any wavesheaf ritual. Since manna spoiled overnight and could not be stored, the provisions Joshua instructed the people to prepare (Joshua 1:10-11) must have been the old corn of the land, gathered from Canaanite fields. After the Passover lambs were sacrificed and eaten that night, the Israelites began celebrating the "night to be much observed"—the start of the Feast of Unleavened Bread—by eating this old corn and parched corn, all before daylight, well before any wavesheaf offering could ever have been made in the customary daylight hours. This timing proves no offering occurred that year, confirming that Joshua 5 cannot be used to justify altering the divinely established method of counting to Pentecost.
The Sacrifices of Leviticus (Part 4)
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughThe concept of corn enters the discussion of the meal offering through Isaiah 28:28, part of a parable illustrating God's orderliness, comparing His faithful, predictable ways to the methodical process of a farmer. The verse states that "bread corn is bruised," meaning that grain must be ground or bruised in order to yield any usable bread or food; as long as it remains in the berry, it serves no purpose to man. This detail carries significant spiritual weight when connected to the meal offering, since the offering's primary ingredient was flour made from ground grain. An important clarification is made regarding the word "corn" itself: in this context it does not refer to what is commonly known today as corn—the yellow and white grain grown on tall stalks. Rather, "corn" was the old English term used for whatever was the largest grain crop of a region, and in the biblical setting this would have referred to wheat or barley, the grains most likely to be made into daily bread. This distinction matters because bread made from such grain is called "the staff of life," which directly connects to Jesus Christ's own declaration that He is "the bread of life." Just as grain must be bruised and ground before it can nourish, Christ was likewise bruised—both symbolically through the grinding process of relentless, self-sacrificial service, and literally through the physical suffering of His crucifixion, where He was beaten so severely that another man had to carry His cross for Him. The ordinary grinding process, typically done only once using a hand-turned stone grinder, produced a rough, coarse result unsuitable for what God intended the meal offering to represent. Because of this, God required that the offering's flour be exceptionally fine—ground repeatedly until it resembled a substance as fine as talcum powder. This finer grinding was necessary to properly convey the spiritual lesson being taught: the flour, like Christ, needed to be thoroughly and completely broken down through repeated pressures and trials in order to fulfill its purpose perfectly. This imagery of bruised corn ties directly into the larger theme of the meal offering, which represents mankind's duty to fellowman, paralleling the second great commandment to "love your neighbor as yourself." Christ's life exemplified this principle perfectly, as He continually gave Himself in service to others despite facing rejection, hostility, and exhaustion from those He served. The bruising of corn into fine flour becomes a picture of the grinding, wearying nature of that self-sacrificial service, which parallels the grinding, pressing trials symbolized elsewhere in the offerings, such as those associated with the bullock in the burnt offering. Ultimately, the symbolism teaches that just as grain must be broken down to become useful nourishment, so too must service to others often come at the cost of personal comfort, ease, and even physical or emotional suffering, following the pattern established perfectly by Christ Himself.