God made a solemn promise to the children of Israel at Mount Sinai, as recorded in Exodus 19:3-6, establishing the Old Covenant as a sacred agreement akin to a marriage contract. Through Jeremiah, He declares, "I am married to you," reflecting on Israel's early devotion and betrothal in the wilderness. In Ezekiel 16:8, God reaffirms this covenantal bond, emphasizing His ownership of the land and His power to fulfill His promises while demanding Israel's loyalty and obedience to His voice, which includes the Ten Commandments and the statutes spoken at Sinai. God's expectation of faithfulness is reiterated in Exodus 23:21-23, where He speaks of placing an Angel before Israel to guide them, underscoring the conditional nature of His promises. Comparing these with Genesis 22:16-18, God's unconditional promises to Abraham intersect with the conditional ones to Israel, applying only to the faithful among Abraham's descendants. The history of Israel demonstrates that obedience would have led to inheriting the land under Moses, but unbelief prevented this, showing that God can defer the fulfillment of His promises to the patriarchs without violating them, with timing becoming a crucial factor in identifying modern-day Israel. Additionally, God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 17:6 and 35:11, that kings shall come from him, extends to specific promises made to David, providing further criteria to locate modern-day Israel.

God made significant promises to Israel, reflecting His enduring commitment to the lineage of David. He declared that Solomon's descendants would not rule over all Israel due to Solomon's failings, yet out of respect for His promise to David, He would maintain Solomon's dynasty, ensuring that David's throne would be established forever. As part of this covenant, God also stipulated that if David's son sinned, He would chasten him with the rod of men, a promise extending to any of David's descendants who would become king over Israel. Additionally, God promised through the prophet Ahijah to Jeroboam, a talented Ephraimite, both a conditional and an unconditional promise regarding leadership over part of the kingdom, reflecting His decision to rip a portion of Solomon's kingdom from his descendants due to apostasy. Despite the prosperity under Solomon's reign, which represented a typical fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs, these blessings were not the final fulfillment, as Solomon did not achieve political or military hegemony over a company of nations, indicating that the complete realization of God's promises to Israel remains pending.

God's promises to Israel were marked by conditions and consequences. To Jeroboam, God declared in I Kings 11:38 that He would be with him and build for him an enduring house, as He built for David, but this promise was conditional on obedience. Jeroboam's refusal to obey led to the failure of this promise, and his lineage was destroyed. The Lord grew very angry with Israel due to their persistent sins, as they walked in all the sins of Jeroboam and did not depart from them, resulting in their removal from His sight. Through prophets like Hosea, God warned Judah not to follow Israel's path of idolatry, pleading that Judah should not offend as Israel had. Despite these warnings, Judah stumbled alongside Israel in iniquity, leading to severe judgment from God for their treachery.