Filter by Categories
Human Nature: Good or Evil?
Sermon by Richard T. RitenbaughThe Founders of this nation held a profound understanding of human nature, viewing it as fundamentally depraved and easily corruptible. They believed that due to this inherent corruption, power must be constrained through a government of separated powers and checks and balances, ensuring no single entity could tyrannize the people. Their design of a republic stemmed from the conviction that human nature needed control, as power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. They recognized that even the best human efforts to restrain this nature would ultimately fail without divine intervention, a reality evident in the ongoing struggles of society. Human nature, as seen through the lens of Scripture, begins as neutral but with a bias toward selfishness due to our fleshly desires. From the time of Adam and Eve, who chose to follow satan's influence and satisfy their lusts, humanity has been separated from God by sin. Each person starts life with this neutral yet selfish nature, easily pulled toward evil as God has largely allowed mankind to follow its own course, reaping the consequences of corrupted choices. Our sins drive a wedge between us and God, pulling our natures further from His way of life. Yet, God offers a path to overcome this corrupt nature to those He calls. Through His Spirit, He empowers us to recognize sin and transform our nature to resemble His own. This transformation is a gradual process, requiring submission to God and a relentless fight against our inherent carnality. Though we will never fully overcome human nature in this life, we are to engage in this struggle undauntedly to our last breath, knowing it is a battle against ourselves—society, satan, and self. With God's help, we can grow stronger, holding down the corrupt nature that constantly seeks mastery over us. Scripture consistently portrays human nature as evil to the core, fashioned by the influences of satan, the world, and our own selfishness. Despite this, God grants us the opportunity to rise above through His grace. As His called-out ones, we are to be lights in this dark age, showing His nature in all our actions toward the world and each other, preparing for our ultimate work in His Kingdom.
Daily Overcoming
Sermonette by Bill OnisickHuman life is a succession of habitual behavior, and we are called to a lifelong pursuit of becoming holy like God. Our calling is a daily cleansing process of overcoming our carnal, selfish nature and developing a godlike nature that is selfless, pure, and holy. Overcoming is the all day, everyday victory of making the right selfless choices. It is not a once and done event but a constant battle against our carnal nature that drives us to do anything contrary to God's will. We must overcome two basic types of selfish choices: doing something bad, against the letter of God's law, and failing to do something good when we know we should. Overcoming is part of the sanctification process that Jesus Christ works out in His church, a purification process of cleansing our minds through yielding to God's will in all aspects of life. The cost of holiness is self-sacrificial love, requiring daily action and constant forward progress over all our carnal tendencies. To be overcomers, we must be self-aware of the sin deeply ingrained in our daily habits and evaluate our choices to understand what God wants, what brings Him glory, and what requires the greatest self-sacrifice from us. The battle to overcome occurs predominantly in our minds, often with sins not easily identifiable, such as neglect in study, prayer, or reflection, or allowing worldly things to take prominence over God. Every choice is an opportunity to overcome our selfish nature. We must avoid the deception of satan, who causes us to live in sin while thinking we receive God's favor, and resist comparing ourselves to others to justify our actions. Sin separates us from God the Father and Jesus Christ, and we have a daily responsibility to exhort and encourage one another in this battle against the hardness of our hearts and satan's deceitfulness. Overcoming requires us to be disgusted with our sinful behavior and to see it as God sees it. God, through His grace, has given us everything we need to overcome. Through faith in Jesus Christ, we become one with Him, partakers of His divine nature, and receive His Spirit as our enabler to achieve this seemingly impossible task. Jesus, the Son of God, has overcome the world, and whoever is born of God will also overcome through Him. Overcomers are those making daily progress to identify and eradicate sin, purifying their minds in the constant pursuit of holiness, walking in His enabling Spirit of self-control and self-sacrificial love.
How Did They Overcome? (Part One)
CGG Weekly by David C. GrabbeChrist, in His messages to the seven churches in Revelation 2 and 3, emphasizes His keen interest in whether His people overcome. He promises extraordinary rewards to the overcomers, such as eating from the Tree of Life, not being hurt by the second death, receiving hidden manna and a white stone with a new name, holding power over the nations, being clothed in white garments, becoming a pillar in the Temple of God, and sitting with Him on His throne. Additionally, He declares that those who overcome shall inherit all things, and He will be their God, and they shall be His sons. Overcoming is vital for those whom God has called, and it involves confronting the reality of human sinfulness. Satan, aware of the sins of God's people, accurately points out where they miss the mark with his accusations. These accusations can be like fiery darts, aimed to discourage and bring down God's people, making them feel worthless and hopeless, tempted to give up under the weight of guilt. Yet, God chooses to remove this iniquity, not exacting the wages that sin demands. When sins are acknowledged, repentance is sought, and forgiveness is asked, Christ's blood cleanses the conscience, freeing His people from the burden of dead works to serve the living God. Though remorse may linger, this cleansing prevents them from being mired in guilt, enabling them to rise and continue forward. The shield of faith, bolstered by confidence in the atoning sacrifice of the Lamb of God, quenches these fiery darts of the wicked one.
Overcoming (Part Two): Self-Justification
Bible Study by Richard T. RitenbaughOvercoming human nature requires moving beyond self-deception into confronting a second, related deterrent: self-justification. Once a person begins stripping away the lies he tells himself, he inevitably dislikes what he sees when comparing himself to God's perfect Word, and human nature responds by making excuses, casting wrongdoing as good or at least less serious than it appears. This tendency traces back to the very first humans; from Adam and Eve's blame-shifting to Cain's evasive response to God, to Ananias and Sapphira's deception of the apostles, people have always tried to hide sins and failings from God, others, and themselves. As Herbert W. Armstrong observed, the hardest thing for a human being to do is admit he is wrong, and people will construct elaborate justifications for their thoughts, words, and deeds rather than truly own their faults. Scripture recognizes this human proclivity for excuse-making, as seen in Proverbs' portrayal of people blaming weather or wild beasts for their inaction, and Solomon's warnings that self-justification can destroy a person, and that delayed punishment only emboldens the heart to rationalize continued evil. The classic excuses people offer—too hard, not enough time, not my fault, I didn't know how—do not impress Christ, who in the Parables of the Minas and Talents condemns the servant who justified his lack of productivity, calling him wicked and lazy; judgment comes according to works, not intentions. This pattern of justification is often passed to children, as parents excuse misbehavior with various rationalizations, and the devastating example of certain kings of Judah shows how parental sin provides children opportunity to justify their own. Even the appeal to universal sinfulness—"I'm just human" or "everyone sins"—fails as justification, for God is interested only in personal repentance, overcoming, and growth, not excuses; humanity's shared sinfulness does not excuse the individual's specific faults. Ultimately, self-justification gains nothing, since the penalty for sin remains death, and only the shed blood and sacrificial death of Jesus Christ can truly justify a person before God, making eternal life possible. David stands as the supreme model of moving beyond self-justification to genuine repentance. Though he initially excused his adultery and murder as any person would, the prophet Nathan stripped away his self-deception, leading David to bitterly repent, loathe his sin, and ask God to cleanse and purge him without further excuse. He then dedicated himself to serving God and others rather than himself. This example illustrates the path required of every Christian: working out salvation with fear and trembling and seeking the Kingdom of God, rewards which God grants to overcomers who honestly confront and correct their conduct rather than justify it.
Overcoming (Part One): Self-Deception
Bible Study by Richard T. RitenbaughThe call to overcome resonates through the messages to the seven churches, revealing a universal shortfall in meeting God's standard of holiness. Each church, regardless of the severity of criticism, is urged by Christ to overcome deficiencies in faith, hope, love, obedience, dedication, and responsiveness, while still manifesting the works of the flesh and carnal selfishness. A primary barrier to overcoming is self-deception, deeply rooted in human nature and exacerbated by the influence of the great deceiver. This deceitfulness causes us to view ourselves not as we are, but as we wish to be, often ignoring the disparities between our conduct and God's standards even when confronted by the mirror of His Word. Human nature itself is at the core of this self-deceit, an inherent part of our emotional, mental, and spiritual makeup, making it difficult to recognize our sins without honest self-examination. Self-deceit is closely tied to pride and ego, as our nature seeks to exalt itself above others, esteeming ourselves as holier. God, however, does not regard the spiritually proud but looks to the contrite and humble, promising to abase those who elevate themselves. This deception is not limited to individuals; entire groups can fall into the trap of presenting a false spiritual beauty, as seen in prophecies and in Christ's indictment of churches like Sardis and Laodicea for collective self-deception. Overcoming requires identifying sin, which can only be achieved through careful study of God's Word as the ultimate standard for thought, speech, and conduct. Honest comparison of our lives with Scripture is essential, as failing to act on what we see renders our practice of God's way vain. We must address both positive instructions, such as caring for others, and negative ones, like removing character flaws. Moreover, overcoming is not a solitary endeavor; we bear a responsibility to exhort one another frequently to prevent being hardened by sin's deceitfulness. Neglecting this communal duty risks jeopardizing our salvation. Removing self-imposed blinders through truthful engagement with God's Word marks the crucial first step toward overcoming and attaining the promise of eternal life in His Kingdom.
Overcoming is a Choice
Sermon by Richard T. RitenbaughHuman nature requires overcoming through repeated choices to follow righteousness rather than sin. God sets before each person life and death with the command to choose life. Each day presents multiple decisions to respond in righteousness instead of yielding to temptation such as political expediency or personal advantage. These choices begin with seeking the Lord, calling upon Him, forsaking one's own way and thoughts, returning to Him, keeping justice and righteousness, and avoiding evil. Overcoming occurs as individuals identify sin within themselves and remove it while ingesting what is good and new through daily actions. The process builds righteous character over a lifetime as right decisions become habitual. Jacob illustrates this by recognizing his own deceitful nature in another, submitting to labor rather than trickery, applying right principles within agreements to prosper, and persisting in humility and endurance until renamed as a prevailer with God. Such consistent choices enable conformity to the required way of life despite human tendencies toward wrong passions and self-interest.
How Did They Overcome? (Part Two)
CGG Weekly by David C. GrabbeHuman nature has been corrupted by the Devil and continues to be influenced by him. Overcoming human nature requires the blood of the Lamb as the first element because this blood pays the death penalty for sins, cleanses consciences, grants entrance to the Holy of Holies, and provides access to God. The blood of the Lamb also imparts eternal life and establishes an ongoing relationship in which the Father and the Son live in the individual, supplying all that is needed for victory over corrupted human nature. Overcoming corrupted human nature lies beyond human capability because no one can atone for personal sins, cleanse a conscience, enter the Holy of Holies, give eternal life, or achieve resurrection. God performs the overcoming in the person while the person submits to the process. The human will remains wholly insufficient for overcoming corrupted human nature even though it can motivate extraordinary achievements in other areas. Will-worship, which relies on self-control apart from God, applies human effort to the wrong things and leaves God out of the process. The person must recognize personal limitations in order for God to guide the overcoming of human nature on His terms.
Sin and Overcoming, (Part 2): What Is Sin Like?
Sermon by Martin G. CollinsHuman nature tends toward a defeatist view of sin, in which individuals recognize its seriousness intellectually yet treat their own flaws as minor and expect God to force commitment and change rather than exert personal effort to overcome. This attitude leaves a person spiritually empty and vulnerable to drifting away from God. Sin functions as bondage that wraps and entangles its victims like strong cords, as a slave driver that must be mastered, as stumbling from the narrow path into aimless wandering, as a costly debt that enslaves through perpetual obligation, as an indelible stain that no human effort can remove, and as a death sentence that deceives and ultimately destroys. Overcoming requires decisive choices made by faith in Jesus Christ, who alone provides liberty from sin's mastery and transforms slaves of sin into servants of righteousness. Ministers serve as watchmen who warn of spiritual pitfalls, while believers must heed those warnings, reject excuses, and apply to themselves the counsel they offer others. Eight reasons underscore the urgency of this struggle: God hates sin, sin is inherently wrong and destructive, sin caused Christ's suffering, sin dishonors the gospel, sin contradicts the calling to be delivered from it, sin produces an evil conscience, sin breeds doubt and hinders prayer, and sin ends in hopelessness. God promises to blot out transgressions, cast them away, and complete the good work begun in those who overcome, granting them inheritance in His Family as they produce the fruit of righteousness through Christ's strength.
He Who Overcomes
Sermon by John O. ReidHuman nature is deceitful above all things and desperately wicked, hiding its true condition even from itself while justifying wrong actions, attitudes, and impulses that persist after conversion. This nature draws people toward the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, along with specific struggles such as substance abuse, sexual lust, disobedience to roles, laziness in study and prayer, lack of love, disregard for law, unforgiveness, anger, lying, and stubbornness. God therefore extends time beyond initial expectations so that individuals may be tested, see their own condition, and develop the character needed for the Kingdom. Overcoming requires prevailing through struggle and conflict, conquering and subduing evil impulses by mental and moral force, gaining dominion over wrong desires, repressing emotions, and achieving victory that leaves one pure, clean, and filtered of impurities. Biblical usage shows that the one who overcomes must recapture first love, stand fast in trial, repent of wrong actions and thoughts, maintain right works, persevere in commandments, and remain poor in spirit. This process is accomplished only through consistent obedience to God, which trains the senses to discern good from evil and moves beyond elementary principles toward maturity and perfection. Obedience supplies the evidence that genuine love for God exists, because love without obedience remains incomplete. Those who recognize the depth of their former sins respond with greater gratitude and more diligent effort to overcome, while those who minimize their need for forgiveness show correspondingly little change. The same individual effort applies in every setting: husbands and wives fulfill their roles regardless of the other's response, employees work as for Christ, and positive conduct is maintained amid negative surroundings. Such overcoming is not optional or collective but the personal responsibility of each one who claims to know God. Those who persist in it receive the promises given to the conqueror: access to the tree of life, protection from the second death, hidden manna, a new name, power over the nations, white garments, a place as a pillar in God's temple, and the right to sit with Christ on His throne. In the end, the one who overcomes inherits all things and enters the relationship of sonship with God.
Living by Faith: Human Pride
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughHuman nature consists of a carnal mind that is enmity against God and cannot submit to His law, creating a major internal barrier to the responsibility of angels and mankind to know God, submit to His sovereignty, and align with His purpose accomplished through Jesus Christ. This carnality includes vanity, rendering humanity as insubstantial as vapor or breath with no inherent value, yet it resists the Creator. The heart generates this resistance through its deceitful and desperately wicked character, producing self-centered drives focused on self-satisfaction while simultaneously fostering an inflated self-esteem that justifies sin as a way of life. Pride forms the foundation of this carnal resistance, originating with Satan when his heart was lifted up by his beauty, leading him to exalt himself above God and corrupt other angels and then mankind beginning with Adam and Eve. This same pride permeates human hearts as an inherited influence from Satan's spirit and the world, manifesting as an undue sense of superiority that exaggerates personal importance, elevates one's opinions and needs above God's, and fuels competitiveness, self-deception, and enmity. It produces multiple destructive effects, including evil ambition, self-righteousness, blindness to one's spiritual condition, rejection of God's Word, and a path toward destruction, as illustrated in the examples of kings, nations, and individuals who remain unsatisfied despite power or prosperity. This pride must be borne as a cross after baptism and receipt of God's Spirit, yet it can be overcome. The broader message connects human accountability before the judgment seat of Christ to the necessity of exercising humility, a developed characteristic chosen through contact with God, which nullifies pride and enables submission to the Father's will in perfect agreement with Jesus Christ, who always did what pleased Him.
Letters to Seven Churches (Part Eight): Overcoming
Sermon by Richard T. RitenbaughOvercoming emerges from the process of repentance as the sustained, unrelenting effort to purify one's character. The Greek term *nikao* conveys victory achieved in the face of obstacles and genuine superiority, yet the Hebrew background of the New Testament writers stresses purity of soul, striving, and endurance rather than overwhelming success. This biblical understanding of overcoming therefore centers on concrete work: struggling against the pulls of human nature, the influences of the world, and the adversary while clinging to Christ for strength. Human nature resists God's way, harboring enmity toward His law, self-centeredness, and a narcissistic focus that prefers its own desires. These internal barriers must be overcome first so that love for God, love for others, and obedience to His commandments can follow. The effort requires cooperation with God, who supplies grace and His Spirit to change the will and enable action, while the believer works out salvation through faith, belief that Jesus is the Son of God, and persistent striving. Jacob's nighttime struggle illustrates the needed tenacity: he refused to release his hold until blessed, demonstrating unrelenting endurance that God honors by renaming him Israel. The same attitude appears in the letters to the seven churches, where each congregation faces specific obstacles rooted in human nature—loss of love, fear, envy, affinity for corruption, desire for worldly reputation, weakness, or lukewarm self-satisfaction—and receives corresponding promises of eternal life and relationship with God for those who overcome. The broader message ties overcoming directly to the Feast of Unleavened Bread, whose symbols call God's people to ingest righteousness, worship and learn from Him, focus on His will, and sacrifice themselves in service. Through this lifelong process of purification and endurance, believers are transformed into Christ's image and prepared for sonship in God's Family.
Evil Is Real (Part Four)
CGG Weekly by Richard T. RitenbaughIn the Christian life, defilement originates from within the individual, making it essential to address internal evils first since external circumstances often lie beyond personal control. Altering one's inner condition improves the prospects for righteous external actions, as overcoming sins at their source ensures deeds remain clean before God. The Christian experience constitutes an ongoing battle against the remnants of evil accumulated before conversion and any sins retained afterward. Through baptism, the old man is crucified with Christ, eliminating the body of sin, and the believer rises to a new life that requires daily growth in righteousness toward the stature of Christ. Nevertheless, the evil nature persists unchanged, continuing to influence decisions and creating a persistent conflict between human nature and God's nature. Baptism and the receipt of the Holy Spirit provide forgiveness for past evils and a measure of divine assistance for transformation, yet ingrained habits, attitudes, and behaviors remain to be confronted daily. Scripture reveals that the human heart is deceitful above all things and desperately wicked, a truth that applies to all humanity and challenges any self-perception of goodness. Only God truly knows the heart's condition, and acknowledging this reality demands recognition of one's own corruption rather than self-justification. The parable of the Pharisee and the publican illustrates that justification comes to those who humbly acknowledge their wickedness, not to those who exalt themselves. Taking evil lightly, particularly the evil within, fosters attitudes of self-righteousness and pride that hinder growth and may lead to active rebellion against God. Following the example of Jesus Christ requires actively confronting and overcoming internal temptations and persistent sins to produce good fruit.
Unsheathe Your Sword! (Part Two)
'Ready Answer' by Pat HigginsHuman nature stands as the primary enemy in the spiritual war confronting every Christian, functioning like a treacherous guide that leads toward destruction and death through its carnal inclinations and sinful patterns. This internal adversary requires conquest in the battlefield of the mind and heart, where a fundamental change in thoughts must precede any lasting alteration in conduct, since sin originates within these inner realms. Victory demands wielding the sword of the Spirit, identified as the Word of God, which serves as the sole effective weapon for pulling down strongholds and replacing faulty thought patterns with the mind of Christ. To prepare this weapon, one begins by selecting a single specific battle, such as overcoming fear or a persistent temper, then searches Scripture for the precise verses that address it. Memorization of essential portions sharpens effectiveness, allowing immediate response in temptation as Christ demonstrated by quoting targeted phrases from Deuteronomy. Selecting translations or slight wording variations that resonate personally increases emotional impact and recall while maintaining fidelity to the original meaning, thereby focusing the mind more accurately on internal challenges rather than external foes. For entrenched struggles, visualization through mental rehearsal of scriptural responses trains automatic reactions aligned with Christ's example, activating neural pathways and enabling proactive preparation instead of reactive failure. Daily systems reinforce these efforts through consistent prayer, which builds faith, and regular review of memorized verses, creating habits that imprint God's way and lead progressively from easier victories to greater ones. Such overcoming connects directly to the promise of sonship and eternal life for those who conquer, while failure risks removal from the Book of Life. In the current era of widespread corruption and lukewarm complacency, these practices become essential to awaken from spiritual sleep, cast off works of darkness, and stand ready for Christ's return by putting on His armor and mind.
God Works in Marvelous Ways (Part Two)
Feast of Tabernacles Sermon by John W. RitenbaughHuman carnality functions as an ever-present generator of sin and death when followed, equivalent in gravity to any other transgression because it consistently motivates actions such as fornication, theft, murder, and idolatry by prioritizing self-satisfaction over obedience to God. This nature operates like an internal pull toward personal desires that overrides divine instruction, turning even seemingly minor thoughts into steps that separate a person from God and constitute idolatry at their root. From the beginning, Adam and Eve demonstrated this pattern when, despite direct preparation by God and the absence of competing counsel, they chose to fulfill untested desires rather than obey His command, thereby introducing sin into the world and producing widespread wickedness that culminated in the Flood. Their choice illustrates that carnality remains influential even after conversion, where it continues to justify self and requires deliberate control through the exercise of faith. God supplies this faith as a gift at conversion precisely so that His children can subdue the enslaving power of their nature, proving by their conduct that they are overcoming it rather than yielding to its clever deceptions. Overcoming occurs through consistent obedience enabled by the Spirit, which breaks the hardness of the heart and counters the vulnerability that Satan exploits. This process connects directly to the larger purpose of preparing called individuals for the Kingdom, as unchecked carnality perpetuates the mystery of widespread unbelief and confusion while those who subdue it demonstrate the reality of God's redemptive work.
Praying Always (Part Three)
Article by Pat HigginsOur spiritual enemies are no match for the mighty power of prayer, backed by God who promises to aid us in our warfare.
Unsheathe Your Sword! (Part One)
'Ready Answer' by Pat HigginsGod gifted Christians with a weapon to use in daily spiritual warfare: 'the sword of the Spirit' (Ephesians 6:17). We must wield it with faith and courage.
Elements of Motivation (Part Six)
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughEven though sin offers fleeting pleasure, we must learn to intensely hate sin, regarding this product of Satan as a destroyer of everything God loves.
Diligence in the Face of Trials
Sermon by Martin G. CollinsWe are in the battle of our very lives, facing the three formidable fronts of the world, Satan, and our own flesh. We must be strong in the Lord.
Preparing to Rule!
'Personal' from John W. RitenbaughHave you ever considered what it will be like right after Christ returns? What will you do, as a king, to help and govern the people placed under you?
God Works in Mysterious Ways (Part Five)
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughFor His Own reasons, God has chosen not to reveal His plan to those the world considers wise, but, instead, to work with the weaker sort of mankind.
Christianity Is a Fight! (Part 2)
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughThe most formidable foe in our spiritual battle is the flesh. We must mortify, slay, and crucify the flesh, enduring suffering as Jesus Christ exemplified.
Sin (Part One)
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughThough relatively neutral at its inception, human nature is subject to a deadly magnetic pull toward self-centeredness, deceit, and sin.
The Israel of God
Article by Charles WhitakerPaul refers to the church as 'the Israel of God.' Why not 'the Judah of God'? Why did God not inspire Paul to call the church "the Jacob of God"?
God Works in Mysterious Ways (Part Four)
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughNo one has any excuse for doubting God's purpose for mankind, whether revealed publicly through His Creation or privately through the Holy Scriptures.
It's Important to God Too (Part Two)
Sermonette by John W. RitenbaughGod does not do things uselessly, and certainly does not need our physical goods. Being a living sacrifice produces successful living.
Will You Be Accounted Worthy for the Kingdom?
Sermon by John O. ReidLike businessmen reviewing plans, making forecasts, and anticipating accountability, God expects us to define and follow through on spiritual objectives.
Philippians (Part Eight)
Sermon/Bible Study by John W. RitenbaughWe must willing to yield to God's shaping of us, willing to be corrected and changed as He sees fit. If we become self-satisfied, He cannot work with us.
Sin (Part Two)
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughThoughts, words, or behaviors not in alignment with the mind of God are also violations against God's law. Foolishness should never be part of our conduct.
Self-Government and Responsibility (Part Two)
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughOur experiences prepare us to be a better judge or king. Though we may exercise righteous judgment, we dare not pass judgment nor justify sin in ourselves.
Resistance (Part Two): Solutions
Sermon by Richard T. RitenbaughMoses, Jonah, David, and Gideon demonstrated resistance to God's prompts, indicating that they initially feared men more than they feared God.
What Does 'Examine Yourselves' Mean?
'Ready Answer' by StaffChristians prepare for Passover by engaging in a thorough, spiritual self-examination. An analysis of II Corinthians 13:5 shows us how to go about it.
Sin (Part Four)
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughTrue Christianity is no cakewalk into eternal life, but a life and death struggle against our flesh, the world, and a most formidable spirit adversary.