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Is the Cross an Acceptable Symbol?
Sermonette by Mike FordThe Council of Nicea emerges as a pivotal political and religious event connected to Emperor Constantine's calculated consolidation of power rather than a genuine Christian conversion. After Diocletian's death in AD 313 fractured the Roman Empire into competing factions ruled by multiple emperors, Constantine, who governed the Western Empire with relative tolerance toward Jews and Christians, sought to expand his authority. His famous vision before battling Maxentius—often taught as a conversion experience involving a cross in the sky—has been misrepresented. Historical evidence, including coins struck to commemorate his victory and contemporary accounts, confirms that the symbol he actually placed on his soldiers' shields was the Greek letter chi (X), the initial of "Christ," not a cross. This distinction mattered because his pagan troops would have recognized the cross as a symbol tied to various pagan deities, making it nonsensical as a Christian emblem for his campaign. In AD 325, Constantine assembled the first Nicaean Council as a shrewd political maneuver to eliminate the religious friction plaguing Rome's diverse population. By gathering competing religious factions and compelling them toward doctrinal unity, he effectively created the Holy Roman Church—the Catholic, or "universal," church—through a process of blending various beliefs rather than through authentic theological reconciliation. This council represents the mechanism by which pagan elements were formally absorbed into professed Christianity. Notably, Constantine's personal devotion to Sol Invictus, the sun god, persisted even afterward, and he mandated that Sunday worship, tied to his sun worship, be adopted as one of the outcomes of the council's forced consensus. This detail undermines the traditional narrative of his wholehearted conversion to Christianity. The council's significance ties directly into the broader argument concerning the cross as a pagan symbol improperly assimilated into Christian practice. Despite the council's efforts at unification, the cross carried such strong pagan associations that the Catholic Church did not formally introduce it as a symbol until AD 431, did not place it on steeples until AD 586, and did not fully sanctify the crucifix until the sixth century. This gradual, reluctant adoption underscores that the cross's origins lay not in Christian revelation but in ancient Babylonian and Chaldean mystery religions, where it represented the mystic tau, associated with Tammuz. The Nicaean Council thus stands as the historical juncture where political expediency, rather than biblical fidelity, shaped what would become mainstream Christian symbolism, illustrating a broader pattern of pagan practices being incorporated into professing Christianity under the guise of unity and expanded religious influence.
Strategies for Interfacing with Babylon without Becoming Assimilated (Part Five)
Sermon by David F. MaasThe Council of Nicaea, convened in 325 AD, marks a significant historical moment where the Trinity doctrine was first proposed. This doctrine was later officially adopted at the Council of Constantinople in 381 AD, enforced by influential figures who also abolished the seventh day Sabbath. Emperor Constantine, alongside Bishop Eusebius, played a pivotal role in these changes, including issuing a decree on March 7, 321 AD, making Sunday an official day of rest and worship. Constantine's involvement extended to the formulation of the Nicene Creed, which emerged from the First Council of Nicaea and was amended at the First Council of Constantinople, shaping key doctrinal statements about the nature of God. Despite his influence, Constantine's personal beliefs and actions, including his continued association with sun-worship and questionable moral conduct, cast doubt on the integrity of the doctrinal decisions made under his authority.
Misconceptions and Malarkey About the Holy Spirit (Part One)
'Ready Answer' by David F. MaasThe Council of Nicea in AD 325 was presided over by the opportunistic Emperor Constantine, who cared more about political unity in the church and the empire than about arriving at pure doctrine. He was playing a numbers game, neither knowing nor caring about the theological matters in dispute. The Trinity doctrine was originally considered radical, and a large segment of the early church regarded these theories as tritheistic heresy. The bitter disputes that followed Nicea were not finally resolved until the First Council of Constantinople in AD 382, which gave formal approval to the doctrine the Cappadocian Fathers had formulated. Before that time no sect or group claiming to follow Christ gave the Trinity serious consideration. As George L. Johnson observes, the church in all the ensuing centuries has been "stuck" with the job of upholding, right or wrong, the decision made at Nicea.
Something Fishy
Sermonette byCatholics eat fish on Friday as a form of penance, commemorating Christ's supposed death on 'Good' Friday. During pagan Lent, eating fish on Friday is mandatory.
Is New Year's Eve a Pagan Holiday?
'Ready Answer' by Mike FordIn AD 325, the Council of Nicaea was the occasion when Pope Sylvester arranged the passage of a host of vicious, anti-Semitic laws. This followed his persuading Emperor Constantine, the year before, to prohibit Jews from living in Jerusalem. Sylvester's anti-Jewish record is part of the dark history behind New Year's observance. The Catholic Church later honored him as a saint, and his day, Saint Sylvester Day, falls on December 31. For that reason, Jewish people throughout Europe and in Israel call New Year's Eve "Sylvester." Pope Gregory XIII later continued this pattern by using New Year's Day for persecuting Jews. The roots of the celebration are therefore pagan and also tied to hatred of God's people.
The Woman Atop the Beast (Part 1)
'Prophecy Watch' by Richard T. RitenbaughWhen the Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity in AD 313, he granted the church official status alongside paganism, positioning himself as a religious authority over thousands of Christians in the Roman Empire. As an unbaptized neophyte, he convened the Council of Nicea in AD 325, set its agenda, opened it with a speech, and greatly influenced its discussions. During this Council, the Catholic Church determined the date and observance of Easter and eased the admission of pagans and their practices into the church, marking a significant step in blending Christian and pagan elements.
Foundation of Sand
Sermonette by Craig SablichPaul warned the Colossians of scholarly men who would try to mix God's truth with vain philosophy based on the tradition of men instead of Jesus Christ.
The Trinity and the Holy Spirit (Part Two)
Sermon by John W. Ritenbaugh (1932-2023)The trinity doctrine did not appear in any church calling itself Christian until the fourth century, when it was introduced at the Council of Nicaea in AD 325. That is roughly four hundred years after the church began, and it took some 126 years to get the doctrine into the Catholic Church. If the trinity were the central doctrine of the church, as the Catholic Encyclopedia claims, the apostles would have stated it from the start, because a church does not hide its central doctrine and then begin. Jesus revealed everything essential to the apostles, including the nature of the Father and the Son, and a third divine personality was never part of their teaching. The claim that it was there all along but only discovered in the fourth century is not credible. The doctrine arose from human deduction and speculation by theologians and philosophers, who assumed a premise and then made Scripture say what it does not say. It stands against the witness of history, which shows a major new doctrine suddenly appearing three centuries after the foundation was laid, and against the witness of the Bible. The same emperor and those working under him who introduced the doctrine also removed Sabbath-keeping as necessary for Christians and changed the day of worship from Saturday to Sunday. The later Athanasian Creed declares the three persons co-equal and co-eternal and makes belief in that formula necessary for salvation, yet Jesus said the Father is greater than He.
The Trinity and the Holy Spirit (Part One)
Sermon by John W. Ritenbaugh (1932-2023)The Council of Nicea played a pivotal role in the introduction of the trinity doctrine into worldly Christianity. This council, over which Emperor Constantine presided in AD 325, marked the initial formal push for the acceptance of the trinity within the Catholic Church. However, it was not until AD 451, after 126 years of intense disputing, that the doctrine was finally established as official within the church. Many within the Catholic Church resisted its acceptance during this period, unable to find clear scriptural support for the trinity, which highlights the significant contention surrounding its integration. Even unconverted men, with reasonable honesty, could not accept it due to the lack of biblical evidence. This prolonged resistance underscores the absence of explicit affirmation of the trinity in the Scriptures, contrasting sharply with the rapid resolution of disputes within the true church as seen in Acts 15, where the Spirit of God guided decisions swiftly.
Easter: Origins and Implications
Sermonette by Richard T. RitenbaughThe Council of Nicea, convened in 325 AD, formally established Easter as a church holiday in place of the biblical Passover observance. By this point, a significant division had already developed within the professing church regarding when to commemorate Christ's death. While Bishop Sixtus in Rome had earlier begun using his authority to institute Easter—a Sunday memorial of Christ—in place of Passover, most churches in Asia Minor had continued keeping the Passover on the 14th of Nisan, as the apostles had done. At Nicea, the bishops voted unanimously to keep Easter on Sunday, but this apparent unanimity was misleading, since those who wished to retain the biblical Passover simply did not attend the council. The Western Christians were effectively allowed to proceed without opposition from those holding the traditional view. As a result, the council rejected what it termed the "Jewish Passover" and formally replaced it with Easter as an official church observance. This decision stands in direct contrast to the practice of the apostles themselves, who clearly kept the Days of Unleavened Bread and the biblically commanded holy days rather than Easter. Scriptural evidence, such as Paul's careful timing of travel around Passover, Unleavened Bread, and Pentecost, demonstrates that the early church organized its life according to God's appointed times, with no indication whatsoever of observing Easter or a resurrection celebration. Likewise, the accounts of the Last Supper given by Paul and by Christ Himself command remembrance of His death through the Passover on the same night He was betrayed, with no biblical command anywhere to observe His resurrection instead. The shift authorized at Nicea therefore had no biblical foundation but was instead driven by ecclesiastical authority and a desire to accommodate pagan customs and pagan-minded members within the church. Easter itself, both in name and in practice, traces back to ancient pagan fertility goddesses and springtime rituals—such as Eostre, Ishtar, and Ostara—along with associated symbols like eggs and rabbits, hot cross buns, and various folk customs, none of which have any connection to genuine Christian worship. The Council of Nicea's action is thus presented as a decisive institutional moment in which the true, commanded observance of Christ's death through Passover was set aside in favor of a syncretistic holiday rooted in paganism, illustrating how human tradition was elevated above the commandment of God.
Why Passover and Not Easter?
CGG Weekly by Richard T. RitenbaughThe early church kept Passover, not Easter. Christ tells us to remember His work of redemption from sin, enabling Christians to fellowship with the Father.
The Holy Spirit
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughTheologians, misapplying grammatical gender and personification, falsely deduce a phantom third person, propped up by a spurious insertion (I John 5:7-8).
Is New Year's Eve Pagan?
Sermonette by Mike FordNew Year's celebrations often involve drunkenness, debauchery, and adultery. God commands us to separate ourselves from these customs and traditions of the world.
Many Are Called, But Few Are Chosen (Part Two)
Sermon by Martin G. CollinsDespite the Council of Laodicea's condemnation of the Sabbath, a group of believers termed Paulicians kept God's laws and resisted the heresy from Rome.
The Nature of God: Elohim
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughUnderstanding Elohim teaches us about the nature of God and where our lives are headed. Elohim refers to a plural family unit in the process of expanding.
God the Father in the Old Testament
Sermon by Richard T. RitenbaughThe Hebrew Scriptures reveal the existence of the Father. Deuteronomy 6:4 refers to God as one, signifying unity of purpose and identical character.
Does Doctrine Really Matter? (Part Fourteen)
Sermon by John W. RitenbaughGod has sanctified no day other than the Sabbath. Sunday worship is a pagan deviation, perpetuated by Gnosticism, a movement that despises God's laws.
The Plain Truth About Easter
Herbert W. Armstrong BookletEaster is not a Christian name, but belongs to the idolatrous 'queen of heaven.' Here are the origins of Easter eggs and sunrise services, which pre-date Christ.